by Mark Richardson | Apr 9, 2026 | Ear
DEFINITION: Pain in the ear that originates outside the ear. WHY IT HAPPENS: Different parts of the head and neck send pain signals to the same nerves that supply the ear. The brain can’t tell where the signal started and often projects the pain into the ear....
by Mark Richardson | Mar 11, 2026 | Ear
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY The inner ear has three semi-circular canals at right angles to each other. They detect rotational acceleration in all plains. Via nerve reflexes, they keep your eyes fixed on a target despite head movements. HISTORY The patients wake up...
by Mark Richardson | Feb 9, 2026 | Ear, Eyes, Nose
GENERAL Acute bacterial sinusitis can complicate especially is untreated or if the patient has poor immunity. Spread can occur to neighbouring structures, namely the eye, the brain, the bone and the skin, and can affect other systems. ORBITAL COMPLICATIONS. The...
by Mark Richardson | Jan 13, 2026 | Throat
GENERAL This cyst is the most common congenital abnormality in the neck and usually presents in the first decade of life. 65% of them arise below the hyoid bone. EMBRYOLOGY The thyroid extends from the base of the tongue to its normal position in the lower...
by Mark Richardson | Nov 13, 2025 | Ear
OVERVIEW This is a sudden onset of weakness of the whole of one side of the face. The life-time incidence is about one in sixty. There is also an increased incidence during pregnancy, if you have diabetes, a recent upper respiratory tract infection, and it...
